A joint-stock company can be set up by one or more individuals. The only exception is a\u00a0sole-partner limited liability company.<\/p>\n
For a\u00a0joint-stock company to be established, Articles of Association must be executed in writing and notarised, and then the company has to be entered into the National Court Register (KRS). A\u00a0minimum share capital of PLN 100\u00a0000 is required, and the minimum share value is PLN 0.01. The total share capital of the joint-stock company must be divided into shares of equal face value.<\/p>\n
A joint-stock company is liable for the company\u2019s obligations with all of its assets. Shareholders are not held liable for the company\u2019s obligations.<\/p>\n
A joint-stock company can only be represented by its management board, which is in charge of the company\u2019s business operations. The management board can be composed of one or more members, both shareholders of the company or out-of-company individuals. Members of the management board are appointed and dismissed by the supervisory board. Each member of the management board can also be dismissed by the general meeting of shareholders.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
A limited liability company can be set up by one or more individuals with one exception – it cannot be established by another sole-partner limited liability company. A\u00a0limited liability company requires a\u00a0notarised agreement and then it must be entered into the National Court Register (KRS). A\u00a0minimum share capital of PLN 5\u00a0000 is required, and the minimum share value is PLN 50.<\/p>\n
The company can be represented by the company\u2019s management board, which can be composed of one or more members – partners of the company or out-of-company individuals. Members of the management board are appointed and dismissed based on a\u00a0resolution of the company\u2019s partners.<\/p>\n
The company is liable for the company\u2019s obligations with all of its assets. The company\u2019s partners, except for some exceptional circumstances, are not liable for the company\u2019s obligations. A\u00a0limited liability company requires a\u00a0notarised agreement and must be entered into the National Court Register (KRS).<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
A limited joint-stock partnership is a\u00a0form of partnership where at least one partner is liable on an unlimited basis (general partner) with all of his\/her assets. A\u00a0general partner can be a\u00a0natural person or a\u00a0corporate body. At least one partner must be a\u00a0shareholder of the partnership. Shareholders are not liable for the partnership\u2019s obligations. The limited joint-stock partnership can be represented by general partners, while shareholders can only represent the partnership as attorneys-in-fact. If a\u00a0general partner makes a\u00a0legal transaction without producing his\/her power of attorney, he\/she is liable for the effects of such transaction towards third parties on an unlimited basis. Also, if a\u00a0shareholder makes a\u00a0legal transaction without producing a\u00a0power of attorney, the shareholder is liable for the effects of such transaction towards third parties on an unlimited basis.<\/p>\n
A limited joint-stock partnership requires a\u00a0notarised agreement and must be entered into the National Court Register (KRS). For the partnership to be established a\u00a0minimum share capital of PLN 50\u00a0000 is required.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
A limited partnership is a\u00a0form of partnership. At least one partner is liable on an unlimited basis (general partner) with all of his\/her assets, and at least one partner is liable on a\u00a0limited basis (limited partner) up to the limited liability amount. A\u00a0limited partnership requires a\u00a0notarised agreement and must be entered into the National Court Register (KRS). No minimum share capital is required.<\/p>\n
Only general partners are entitled to represent the limited partnership. A\u00a0limited partner can only represent the partnership as an attorney-in-fact. If a\u00a0limited partner makes a\u00a0legal transaction without producing his\/her power of attorney, he\/she is liable for the effects of such transaction towards third parties on an unlimited basis.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
A professional partnership is yet another form of partnership with the aim of freelance business operations under one name. A\u00a0professional partnership can be set up for different freelance operations, unless separate regulations state otherwise. No minimum contribution is required to establish a\u00a0professional partnership.<\/p>\n
A professional partnership agreement must be executed in writing as a\u00a0notarial deed. Only individuals licensed to perform a\u00a0given freelance profession can be partners of a\u00a0professional partnership.<\/p>\n
reelance professions<\/strong>:<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n| Attorney at law<\/td>\n | Broker Dealer<\/td>\n | Nurse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | Pharmacist<\/td>\n | Investment consultant<\/td>\n | Midwife<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | Architect<\/td>\n | Accountant<\/td>\n | Legal adviser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | Construction engineer<\/td>\n | Physician<\/td>\n | Patent attorney<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | Chartered auditor<\/td>\n | Dentist<\/td>\n | Property valuer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | Insurance broker<\/td>\n | Veterinarian<\/td>\n | Certified translator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | Tax adviser<\/td>\n | Notary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n | A professional partnership must be entered into the National Court Register (KRS). Partners are liable neither for any obligations of the partnership resulting from freelance activities of other partners nor for any effects of the actions or omissions of individuals working for the partnership based on an employment contract or otherwise and supervised by another partner when performing services provided by the partnership.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n General partnership<\/h3>\nA general partnership agreement should be executed in writing or else it is null and void. No minimum contribution is required to establish a\u00a0general partnership. However, it must be transformed into a\u00a0general partnership\u00a0 when the net revenue over two consecutive financial years reaches EUR 800\u00a0000. The name of a\u00a0general partnership should include the names of partners or their own businesses as well as the designation \u201csp\u00f3\u0142ka jawna – sp. j.\u201d Each partner is fully entitled to represent the partnership, both before the court and in out-of-court proceedings. All partners are liable with all of their assets for the general partnership\u2019s obligations.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Civil law partnership<\/h3>\nA civil law partnership is an agreement between individuals – partners – which requires them to contribute towards achieving a\u00a0common business goal. Business operations must be carried out in a\u00a0defined manner. Partners make contributions to the partnership as defined in the civil law partnership agreement, which must be executed in writing. No minimum capital is required to establish a\u00a0civil law partnership. The contributions made by each partner can include proprietary rights, other rights or services. Each partner is required to have a\u00a0registered business and is entitled to represent the civil law partnership as well as contract obligations on its behalf. Partners are liable with all of their assets and those of the civil law partnership for any obligations contracted on behalf of the latter.<\/p>\n Pursuant to Article 26 \u00a7 4 of the Commercial Partnerships and Companies Code, partners of a\u00a0civil law partnership are required to transform it into a\u00a0general partnership when their net revenue over two consecutive financial years reaches EUR 800\u00a0000.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Self employement<\/h3>\nThis is the simplest and at the same time the cheapest type of business establishment in which an entrepreneur carries out operations on his\/her own behalf.<\/strong><\/p>\n Self-employment is the simplest and cheapest type of business establishment operated on one\u2019s own behalf, regardless of the results, on an organised and continued basis. A\u00a0range of possible economic activities includes manufacturing, construction, trading and service operations, prospecting, identifying and mining mineral deposits, operations based on using products and intangible assets. A\u00a0self-employed person is liable with all of his\/her assets for the obligations contracted as part of his\/her business operations.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Joint-stock company A joint-stock company can be set up by one or more individuals. The only exception is a\u00a0sole-partner limited liability company. For a\u00a0joint-stock company to be established, Articles of Association must be executed in writing and notarised, and then the company has to be entered into the National Court Register (KRS). A\u00a0minimum share capital […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"parent":2754,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"yst_prominent_words":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2756\/"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page\/"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19\/"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?post=2756"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2756\/revisions\/"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2816,"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2756\/revisions\/2816\/"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2754\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?parent=2756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/investinpomerania.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words\/?post=2756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |
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